Unlike Judaism that learned “to argue
for Heaven’s sake,” Christianity took a different path when conflicts over beliefs
arose. The information below is from Blasphemy: Verbal
Offense against the Sacred from Moses to Salman Rushdie by © Leonard W. Levy; University
of North Carolina Press; Chapel Hill, NC; p. 44.
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“By popularizing the heinous character of
blasphemy and heresy, the bishops made those transgressions against the faith
acceptable as crimes against church and state. Athanasius’s litany of hate and
his references to the “crime of heresy and the “crime” of blasphemy also helped
fix a course for the future. Theodosius followed that course with legislation.
Christian truth did not yet come from an executioner’s torch or ax, for the
ordinary penalty consisted of the imposition of civil disabilities. First the
church anathematized the offender, then turned him over to the state. Heretics
lost their property and their civil rights, contrary to the Scriptures.
Religious intolerance soon became a Christian principle in the West.
By 380 CE, imperial edicts deprived all
heretics and pagans of the right to worship, banned them from civil offices,
and exposed them to heavy fines, confiscation of property, banishment, and in
certain cases death.
In 385 CE, the first instance of capital punishment for heresy occurred when
the pious Roman Catholic Bishop Pricillian of Spain, and six of his followers,
were tortured and decapitated with the approval of a Church Council of Trier.
In Alexandria, Christians under the patriarch
Cyrillus engaged in murderous attacks against Novatian schismatics and in 415,
kidnapped the foremost Platonic philosopher of her time, Hypatia -- stripped
her in a church, and tore her limb from limb. Rome did not approve of lynch
law, which lacked the obligatory formalities. The Theodosian code, by contrast,
had official sanction, both secular and ecclesiastical.
By 435, there were sixty-six laws against
Christian heretics plus many others against pagans. The purpose of persecution
was to convert the heretics and heathen, thus establishing uniformity.”
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You
may remember my previous articles about how Roman Catholic Bishop
Augustine of Hippo reinterpreted the Story of the Garden of Eden.
The serpent, a wild animal created by Yahweh and named by Adam, was
changed to Satan in Augustine’s story. By 435, when Christians were
governed by the 66 laws, correctly teaching that story would have been
a criminal offense.
For
the next 1,400 years Roman Christianity was the only Christianity in the West.
Fear of challenging its institutional interpretations and beliefs based on
those interpretations became part of many cultures – and fear is still part
of many believers’ belief systems and realities. Including facts in belief
systems often does away with old fears.
Jim Myers
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